GBN Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GBN Scenarios - Essay Example Following a five-year concentrated exploration at Sample Laboratories, researchers have concocted a polymer that could go about as a substitution for newsprint paper as the new vehicle for printing. It is completely recyclable, dispensing with the requirement for the training segment to embrace the utilization of expensive data innovation as a mechanism for printing, educating and learning. The polymer has been attempted in a few schools and print machines and has been found to have comparable characteristics with paper for the maintenance of ink. In any case, this isn't what makes the new polymer one of a kind; it is its capacity to be reused once the client has had enough of the written word. As indicated by Sample Laboratories, the ink imprinted on the polymer can be extricated after a time of as long as 30 years, weakened in determined proportions, and reused. In this way, not at all like data innovation that requires the instruction part to straighten out to another type of educating and learning, specialists have thought of another material for doing things the old way, yet now more reasonably than any other time in recent memory. A few partners in the training segment have just suggested the disclosure; be that as it may, they have cautioned foundations against utilizing the polymer in its selectiveness. Since it is in the beginning periods of selection, they suggest its synchronous use with paper and advanced based materials. All things considered, organizations may embrace the new innovation even before the legislatures approve its utilization in the instruction segment, particularly since controllers have pronounced it alright for use. Test Laboratories have supported the utilization of the paper substitute by giving alluring proposals to their clients; including limits for foundations that purchase the new paper in mass. What's more, the firm is giving ink unreservedly to any individual who buys their development, which is joined by a 10-year guarantee. Test Laboratories are additionally offering the polymer cleaning dissolvable for

Financial and Management Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Budgetary and Management Accounting - Case Study Example The ascent in stock levels is of specific centrality and it is recommended that if an appropriate stock administration plan was set up, the Company would have the option to improve its liquidity and income position. It is likewise proposed that substitute wellsprings of subsidizing for the Company's development, for example, obligation account or potentially renting of benefits instead of depending prevalently on value fund may favorably affect Foster Ltd., as far as liquidity and something else. Cultivate Ltd. has experienced fast development over the two years that make up the topic of this report. This is apparent from the fiscal reports of the Company as observed from the way that income has developed by 43.75% and the interest in hardware has expanded by 60% in 2006. The Company has likewise expanded its drawn out financing by drawing a '1 Million advance just as making an offer issue. This extension has received rewards as far as gainfulness; anyway the liquidity and income position of the Company has decayed. The chiefs themselves have felt the strain and the Cash Flow Statement arranged for 2006 unmistakably mirrors the issue. The fiscal reports give further indications of the money lack and these will be talked about beneath. Overtrading is a conceivable reason for the Company's present troublesome circumstance. This alludes to the way that the Company has extended its business income quickly without tying down the extra subsidizes important to help the development. This report hopes to locate the basic reasons for the liquidity issue by dissecting the accessible fiscal reports. Any potential causes found will be examined and potential cures proposed. What's more, different manners by which the liquidity position of the Company can be improved will likewise be thought of. Encourage Ltd's. Current Profitability &Liquidity/Cash stream Position As referenced over, the productivity of Foster Ltd. has seen an admirable increment. The Gross Profit Ratio (GP Ratio) of the Company has expanded from 21.88% in 2005 to 26.09% in 2006 (see Appendix). This is a huge ascent. It must be noticed that since income builds, productivity doesn't increment as the expense of deals would have expanded alongside the income. In any case, in Foster Ltd's. case, the expense of deals has increment in an extent impressively not as much as that of income (36% when contrasted with 47.35%). It is a direct result of this distinction in extents that Foster Ltd. is showing higher gainfulness levels. A feasible explanation behind expense of deals expanding by a lower rate is the accomplishment of economies of scale. As Foster Ltd. grows and builds creation, its expense per unit diminishes as it appreciates the advantages of mass limits in crude material buys, just as having the option to spread overhead and other fixed expenses over a bigger number of unit s in this manner lessening the fixed expense per unit. Alongside its GP Ratio, the Total Profit proportion has likewise expanded from 8.75% to 8.99% (see Appendix). This may not be a sizable increment however is unquestionably outstanding. The explanation behind the expansion in the GP Ratio not being finished to the Total Profit proportion is that the working costs, and the fund and duty expenses to a lesser

Manipulating creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controlling creation - Essay Example In this way, while innovation assumes a significant job in making simple and agreeable lives for humankind, it is critical to watch limits that keep up the equalization of life. In the creation stories, there is an idea of God making everything for the solace of mankind. For instance, man is accountable for all life on earth (Herzfeld 91). The suggestion is that man has the position to shape the world to a shape that suits all his need. In this manner, the craving to change the idea of creation is defended by the situation of man known to mankind. Be that as it may, this is an utilitarian view. An elective view would imply that man has the obligation to keep up creation for what it's worth. What's more, changes would suggest disappointment with crafted by the maker. Thusly, such changes would not be right in a strict setting. The outline of the underlying want to change the idea of metals to suit the requirements of mankind uncovered the idea of man and his situation in creation. For instance, in a monetary contention, the restricted measures of Gold make the metal important. It its amounts were to build, its worth would diminish. What's more, different meta ls have more use in building, assignments that gold can't be utilized for. In this manner, the present model of creation fits the necessities of mankind by benefiting materials in the sums required by humanity. Accordingly, the arrangements of nature make a parity that makes life simpler by giving the prerequisites of mankind at the necessary sums. In any case, the contention of essence of sicknesses and other hereditary issue that confound life and make enduring is utilized to challenge the standards of nature. For instance, in the proposed models of nanotechnology, it is workable for specialists to evacuate tumors that were as of late lethal to man (Herzfeld 96). Likewise, the standards of speculative chemistry were instrumental in fermenting

Common App Essay Topics 2018-19 Reviews & Tips

Common App Essay Topics 2018-19 Reviews & Tips Here's What I Know About Common App Essay Topics 2018-19 Understanding what the essay is and the way it fits into the college application procedure can help students understand the things that they have to do as a way to compose an essay that's an asset to their application. You will see that each man or woman who reads your college application essay is going to have very different things to say about doing it. You must be inclined to compose numerous drafts of a university application essay as a way to attain a result that shows you off in the very best light. There can be personal information which you want considered as a member of your admissions application. Which is the reason why you require an angle. For the huge majority, however, making up an essay that fits these prompts is usually an arduous challenge. The procedure for your experience is vital. Be certain that you connect the significance of the activity to a specific experience or story to provide the essay direction. Tell us a topic that you've changed your head on in the last three years. In general, there's no single correct topic. Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems which ought to be solved later on. For example, you can zoom in on one specific part of your background and identity and the way it informs the direction you look at and approach certain things. For some folks, religion plays a huge part. Always bear that in mind while you write. You need to prevent challenges that didn't yield you anything. To aid you with that very first step, here are six things you want to know prior to jumping on the cell app bandwagon. Most of all, you'll finally be in a position to earn a 6-figure income as a realtor. Any issue no matter scale that you feel is important to you may be the content for this prompt. Don't send your cellular app to development hell before the very first keystroke. The Common App Essay Topics 2018-19 Stories Our college paper writing service is the top provider of high quality college papers to students all around the world. At precisely the same time, you're impress the college admissions folks greatly if you may present your capacity to learn from your f ailures and mistakes. The essay is a significant area of the college application process, made only more so by the growing number of students applying to college in america each year. You're attempting to show colleges your very best self, therefore it might appear counterintuitive to willingly acknowledge a time you struggled. Experiential learning is crucial. It's a fact that many schools no longer request a personal piece. You don't have to do community service to make admission to an elite American universities. MIT students work to enhance their communities in various ways, from tackling the world's main challenges to being a great friend. Using Common App Essay Topics 2018-19 Writing quality essays is the principal use of our services. Our Simple Truths about the College Essay provides you with a wide overview of what it is you are hoping to do to your 650-word chance to express a compelling and unique component of yourself. If you want the inspiration to compose your own application essay, take a look at our Common App essay examples which should jump-start your writing. Some can describe events in such detail a reader simply must get to the conclusion of the essay. Share an essay on any subject of your pick. When writing this essay, choose a subject of interest. The function of the essays is to rate your writing ability and, more to the point, to find out more about you as an individual. Colleges can tell whenever your essay is simply a form essay. Fortunately, the personal essay doesn't have to be an overwhelming or stress-inducing endeavor. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. Who Else Wants to Learn About Common App Essay Topics 2018-19? It's pretty cool to find the wonders of the planet in person. The desire to understand is a potent force. Amazing art evokes a feeling of wonder. It's quite easy to use together with self explanatory.

The Case Of Paul Kornak - 1134 Words

In the case of Paul Kornak, he was found guilty on multiple accounts. He plead guilty to three criminal charges which are as follows, materially false statement, mail fraud and criminally negligent homicide. Kornak filled out an application for employment with the VA and falsely filled out that he had never been convicted or placed on probation. This was not true as he was convicted in 1993 for obtaining a false medical license and had to serve 3 years of probation. Kornak was employed by Stratton VA Medical Center in the oncology research program where he was a coordinator for the atherosclerosis study and a bladder cancer study. Throughout these two studies he submitted documentation about patients that was false and allowed subjects who did not follow protocol, to enter studies. He was charged with criminally negligent homicide when a study subject died. Kornak used false results stating that the individual blood analysis supported that the subject was able to go through with t he study, which was taking chemotherapeutic drugs. The actual results showed that the participate kidneys and liver were below average functioning levels, thus the patient should not have been allowed to go on with the study. Kornak admitted to the above charges. According to the case summary completed by the office of research integrity, Kornak was charged with a lifetime debarment to â€Å"protect the public interest overall† this is due to â€Å"his longstanding pattern of criminal behavior and his

Derivates Play an Important Role in the Life Cycle of a...

Advantages of using derivatives in a product life cycle Product lifecycle is the stages a product passes through from when it is developed till its decline. First an extensive market research is carried out to determine whether there exists a need or want of the consumers for the product being developed and then a prototype is developed to determine the appearance, weight etc of the product. It is to be noted that there are no sales at this moment and no income is being received. Once the aspects of this stage are covered then the production is started and it is launched into the market. There are few sales at the starting point because very few potential consumers are aware of its existence and the company is using informative advertisement to make the potential consumers aware of the product. The price charged may be low for a new product to capture market share from its competitors or in some cases it may be high if the product is targeting the upper middle class or upper class because consumers perceive high price as the product being of high quality. Then after the product awareness is developed in market then the product moves to the growth stage. This is the stage when product sales rise very quickly and a lot of persuasive as well as some informative advertisement expenditure is done to maintain high sales. Once the product is well established and widely satisfied the consumers’ sales then begin to slow down and become stagnant at some point. New competitors begin toShow MoreRelatedStrategies For Evasion Mechanism Of Parasites2085 Words   |  9 Pagesvariation/diversity, dendritic cells (DC) inhibition (e.g. by hemozoin), Treg stimulation [4]. 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Completion And Success Particular Project †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Completion And Success Particular Project? Answer: Introduction Project management has evolved into an integral part of the business and business activities (Haimes, 2015). The project manager and his team must take necessary steps to manage projects. This report will highlight all these management techniques in details explaining all the six modules elaborately. Directing and Managing Project Work Directing and Managing Project work involves performing all the work procedures that are related to the project plan. Directing and Managing Project work provides the entire management procedure of a particular project. It is associated with all the tools and techniques by which the project activities can be properly executed (Rice, 2013). It involves the following parameters- validation of the opportunities, controlling of the opportunities aroused, controlling of the project work and schedule, detail analysis of the project budgets and quality of the product involved in the project, mitigate risks and taking necessary actions to solve the threats and the risks, and lastly, controlling the stakeholder and communications with them. Change Control Tools and Techniques The change tools and techniques associated with the project management are Expert judgement: The project experts make the expert judgement or take all the vital decisions into the Change Control Board (CCB) (Cameron Green, 2015). In a project, the Project Manager is responsible for administering and managing all the project activities and take decisions to properly execute all the tasks. Meetings: The meetings that the CCB members undertake are known as the change control meetings, the roles and responsibilities each member undertakes are clearly specified in this section, the decisions the members undertake are composed in a report and are delivered to the stakeholders for future follow-ups (Cameron Green, 2015). Change Control Tools: The tools, methods and techniques involved to control or manage or execute the project activities in an agile fashion. Quality assurance and Control Project Quality Assurance involves the checking and verification of all the project tasks. In this way, the Project Quality Assurance runs all throughout the project timeline. The quality audit is the tool used in this procedure, it analysis the project in each and every step and check and verifies that all the standards, policies and methodologies are being properly followed or not (O'brien, 2013). The quality audit tool is responsible to verify all the risks associated in between, notify how to mitigate all the risks and how to solve the issues. In this way, a specific project can be examined and can be improved. Project Quality Control involves the monitoring, administering and controlling of all the project activities and lastly controlling whether the activities are properly executing following all the standards and the policies (O'brien, 2013). If any mishaps occur within the project Project Quality Control is responsible to check all those mishaps, it is a responsibility to mitigate the risks and threats correlated with the project. Risk and Communication Management Risk Communication Management involves the procedures of letting project managers and his team knows the potential threats and risks to a particular project and communicates to take the measures to mitigate those risks and threats (Haimes, 2015). The communication is required in every aspect of the project. The stakeholders are all dispersed everywhere, so everyone needs to be updated constantly about the ongoing project. Secondly, the team members should communicate with each other while working on a particular project, but due to the cultural, age, geographical, level of education, the communication becomes a challenge which needs to be managed (Haimes, 2015). Thirdly, all the projects face various challenges all through its timeline, so it is the responsibility of the project manager and his team to communicate regularly and take necessary steps to execute the project effectively. Progress and Performance Measurement Tools A project must be assessed in terms of objectives met, in terms of end results it offers, in terms of deadline. The budget, the schedule and the quality all the aspects of a particular project must be analysed, if all these mentioned parameters are achieved successfully then the project is successful and if not matched, then the project will be considered to be failed (Teeratansirikool et al., 2013). That is why a project monitoring system must be implemented to indicate the key aspects associated with the project tasks. Therefore, the progress and performance management tools are beginning, plan, execute, control, and that will access a particular project from beginning to the end. Project Closure Project Closure involves the sign-off from the clients and it assures that the project is successful, the projects further opportunities, handing the project to the clients, after handing over the project to the clients the project files are compiled and are transferred to the stakeholders for future use (Rahschulte, Martinelli Milosevic, 2016). Afterwards, the lessons learned from the project are filed and documented and lastly comes the celebration party for the project success. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that these six modules discussed in this report ensure the completion and success of a particular project. In this report it has been discussed how the project objectives are set and managed accordingly, the tools and techniques have also been discussed, quality check of the project has been showcased, the risks and communication risks has also been mentioned, then the performance measurement tools and lastly, the project closure has been highlighted. References Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Haimes, Y. Y. (2015).Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. O'brien, J. J. (2013).Construction inspection handbook: Quality assurance/quality control. Springer Science Business Media. Rahschulte, T., Martinelli, R. J., Milosevic, D. Z. (2016). Project Closure.Project Management ToolBox, Second Edition, 351-374. Rice, A. K. (Ed.). (2013).Productivity and social organization: The Ahmedabad experiment: Technical innovation, work organization and management. Routledge. Teeratansirikool, L., Siengthai, S., Badir, Y., Charoenngam, C. (2013). Competitive strategies and firm performance: the mediating role of performance measurement.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(2), 168-184.

Before You Buy a Chemistry Textbook

Before You Buy a Chemistry Textbook Youve gotten the list of textbooks for your course. Before you sell your soul to the bookstore, find out which texts you really need and which ones to skip. Ask yourself these important questions: Will you keep the book? Thumb through the book and ask yourself whether or not you think the book will serve as a handy reference after the course is concluded. If yes, buy it, preferably new. If not, keep reading... Does the course actually use the text? Words to the wise: A book might be listed as required, but that doesnt necessarily mean you have to buy it! Some required texts really dont get used (ask upperclassmen) or can be borrowed. If you dont plan on keeping the book after the class, consider buying a used copy. When in doubt, wait until the first day of class to make a decision. Is this a lab book? Laboratory workbooks need to be purchased and they need to be new. Dont try to sneak in a used laboratory book. Your instructor will not be amused. Is the text available used? Really popular texts are usually available in used form. However, the text is probably popular because it is useful! If you need a book and will use it after the course ends, buy it new. If you are strapped for cash or the usefulness of the book is questionable, buy it used. Will the book help you? Sometimes a book is recommended, but not required. This is true for many study guides. Ask yourself whether or not you will benefit from using the book. Can the book be borrowed? Is it useful enough to buy, new or used? When in doubt, talk with your instructor. Can I afford it? Although this is a good question to raise regarding buying books, it is NOT a question to ask when deciding whether or not to obtain a book. The difference? Buying a book involves money. Obtaining a book might involve money, but it also could include borrowing from a student or professor. I dont recommend sharing important books. If you need a book, then get it!

Federal and State Programs to Assist Families on Welfare

Federal and State Programs to Assist Families on Welfare Free Online Research Papers Many low-income families with children including current and former recipients of welfare and the Work First Program face significant economic hardship and insecurity, despite the fact that they work. Federal and state programs that assist low- income working families appear to make a difference. Families who participate in these programs are less likely to return to welfare and face lower rates of poverty and hardships. But on the other hand, the program doesn’t help with education or transportation. In recent years states have implemented a broad range of programmatic, policy and organizational changes to create assistance systems that emphasize work rather than cash assistance. The primary welfare-to-work strategy used by states to create a more work-oriented, transitional assistance system is Work First,(WF) a philosophy and program strategy that emphasizes helping recipients find unsubsidized employment as quickly as possible. In addition to Work First programs, states have implemented a variety of other policies that supplement and reinforce the emphasis on work. According to www.michigan.gov, â€Å"Work First is designed to establish and maintain a connection to the labor market for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients, Non-Custodial Parents (NCPs), and recipients of non-cash assistance such as Child Day Care, Medicaid, and Food Stamps. To make this connection, participants are placed into employment and occupationally relevant education and training programs†. Program flexibility is critical. A diverse array of personal and family challenges contributes to families inabilities to find or keep employment. These families also have very different strengths on which they can draw to become self-sufficient. Consequently, while some families may need limited assistance for only a short period of time, others may need intensive assistance for far longer. Because these families circumstances are so diverse, a broad range of services and approaches to strengthening families are needed to help them achieve self-sufficiency. When talking to a friend of mine she stated the process of going through the steps of WF. This is their experience of going through a WF Program. Her Department of Human Resource Worker (DHRW) assigns you to a WF facility to participate in. You attend the first orientation to talk about what WF is about and they will give a description of the program in their own words answer questions a paint a pretty picture. The WF Program starts at 8:00 am to 5:00 pm no exceptions. You should already have child care services in order the first day of the Program. The recipient will take aptitude test so the coordinator will know what type of job to send you on. WF has a large binder with all of the hiring positions in no type of order, and then has to fill out a form for them to track where you went and at what time you were there. The recipient will go to the first desk make a copy for your records and theirs, get bus tickets for how many jobs you are attending and return back that day f or follow up. Even recipients going to school full time has to work at least 40 hours with a family and catching the bus doing all of this is tiresome for someone who isn’t getting welfare? That’s why some of them get caught up in welfare fraud. When looking at article from www.wikipedia.com says, Welfare fraud refers to various intentional misuses of state welfare systems by withholding information or giving false or inaccurate information. This may be done in small, uncoordinated efforts, or in larger, organized criminal rings. Some common types of welfare fraud are failing to report a household member, failure to report income, or providing false information about the inability to work. There have been cases of people feigning illness in conjunction with welfare fraud. Are we even thinking about the parents or single mothers who are struggling and has never been on welfare? Many parents/single mothers are robbing Peter to pay Paul all the time without any assists of a DHS (Jennings 1993, pp.185). What about the childs welfare? When there is a single mother involved and her child is in child care when does the parent have time to spend with her child? Are we putting this in considering? When reading a piece of information from a Report to the Tennessee Department of Human Service (2004) it states: A primary goal of the welfare reform initiatives implemented in the U.S. in the mid-1990s was to help dependent families become productive, self-sufficient member of society. Work requirements were inteded to further this process. A growing body of evidence suggests that welfare recipients are in fact participarting in various activies. However the effects of work requirements on post-programs employement and earnings are still unclear. Reading this says that a lot of the recipients are not documenting their earnings correctly and is getting over on the state welfare to work programs. If the child sees mom working wouldn’t that show some type of responsibility so when the child become a adult they have something to look forward to a feel proud of their parents (Holcomb, 2007). But when child is at home and mom is at home collecting money from the state the child will think that is a way of life and will continue the cycle of being a non working mother and again the tax payers will have to pay for another single mother with kids for how long? What about the mother who go through the WF Program, get a job and they cut her off is the practical. This doesn’t make sence at all. Again that’s where the welfare fraud comes into play. When reading an article from MSU (2007) according to them they are debating the Welfare to Work program it states the Welfare Facts such as; 5 % of the U.S. population is on public assistance 1% of the federal budget is devoted to welfare or public assistance for the poor. Yet Aid to Families with Dependent Children was the only government entitlement program politicians sought to reform. 12 % of the federal budget is devoted to welfare for the middle class and wealthy in the form of tax credits, no interest mortgages, and home investment incentives. Under the guise of aiding poor women’s choice, Norplant and Depo-Provera have been pushed on poor women as a way of controlling poverty. 34.9% of female headed households live in poverty. Despite these facts, welfare continues to be a highly contested political topic. The National Welfare Rights Union is against the Work First welfare policies in Michigan. It forces women to work at least 20 hours per week even if they have young children, no skills, no transportation. Even though the Work First program provides transportation, child care, and clothing expenses because being a mother is already a full-time job. It is forced labor and does not provide for education so women can move out of poverty. Minimum wage is not a living wage and most of these jobs do not provide benefits. Welfare rights are human rights. What good is welfare to work if it does not provide the basic necessities: food, shelter, and clothing? Work Cites Department of Labor and Growth. (2006). Retrieved Spring, 2006, from michigan.gov Deskins, J., Bruce, D. (2007, June/July). Tennessee University. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from nawrs.org Holcomb, P. (2007, October/November). Welfare Reform. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from http://pamelaholcomb.com Jennings, J. (1993). Welfare Reform and the Revitalzation of Inner City Neighborhoods (p. 185). Michigan: Michigan State University. Michigan State University. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2007, from msu.edu Wikipedia Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2007, from wikipedia.com Research Papers on Federal and State Programs to Assist Families on WelfareStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesOpen Architechture a white paperThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWHip-Hop is Art

Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Herpes Simplex Virus 2 - Essay Example   The condition has been found to affect approximately 50 million people in the United States. It has also been discovered that antibodies against the virus exist in 20 percent of the adult population which shows previous exposure. It can lead to miscarriages in pregnant mothers if the fetus becomes infected before the fifth month of pregnancy. Females have greater risk of suffering from this condition. There has been not much variation in the rate of occurrence of the disease in United States. The incubation period for the virus is 2 weeks. The first infection is the most severe which resolves in around a month. The following infections cannot have a definitive pattern. Herpes simplex virus leads to genital sores and is responsible for the infection in the neonates due to its spread from the mother to the baby during delivery. The disease is contagious and is sexually transmitted and from the mother to the baby. The disease mainly affects the genitals where it leads to the develop ment of sores. Contact of genitals with the mouth can also result in sores on the mouth. It is responsible for the development of vesicular lesions in the sexual organs in both sexes which can spread to the cervical canal in the case of females and to the prostate gland in males. The newborn baby may also get infected and present with infections on the skin, oral cavity and the eyes. It can also result in inflammation of the brain. Inflammation of the meninges can also be caused by this disease. After the initial infection, the virus can become stored in the sensory ganglia particularly the lumbar and sacral regions where it remains inactive. It reactivates if provided with a stimulus which includes sunlight, high body temperature and disturbances in the hormonal levels. In this case the virus travels again to the skin and produces lesions.   

Japan and China History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japan and China History - Essay Example While China has become aggressive by declaring war with Japan only to end up losing later, the latter has taken the strategy of ensuring the independence of Korea through the Treaty of Shimonoseki instead of radically annexing Korea. By this treaty, several ports in China have been opened for international trade. However, Western powers were active in China at that time, especially Russia, demanding the withdrawal of Japan from its claim over Liaodong (Duiker & Spielvogel 664). Yet instead of fighting for their claims like what China would have done, Japan ceded back their control and gave in with the demands of Russia. As a result, this strategy established diplomatic relations with Russia for a while allowing Japan to take over Korean affairs without intrusion from Russia. Japan also took advantage of this situation by collecting more war indemnity from China. The slow but sudden expansion of Japan has gradually caught the attention of other powerful Western nations such as the Uni ted States and Britain. The alliance formed with these Western powers has aided Japan to succeed in the Russo-Japanese war later in history.  

End of Poverty Guide Essay Example for Free

End of Poverty Guide Essay Sachs throws out the normal ways of thinking about the causes of poverty in countries, for instance that people are lazy or stupid, or the countries are not democratic, and that corruption is wide-spread. Fifty percent of the world’s population exists on less than one dollar per day. He believes that much of the problem is structural, which can only be dealt with through the help of the rich countries. Sachs believes, first of all, that all current debt owed by the poor countries should be cancelled. Secondly, if the rich countries would increase their development aid from .2% to .7% there would be enough money available to increase the economic growth so that all countries would no longer be extremely poor. If MAI is to become known as an agency which teaches a new way of dealing with poverty, then we need to become aware of this book and Sachs understanding and approach to poverty. Chapter Twelve really speaks to CHE. I have tried to review what has appeared to me to be the most salient points, chapter by chapter. All chapters are not treated equally. I primarily do this exercise for myself to help me understand the key points from the book. If they are of any help to others, then that is a plus. I have gone into more detail in the other synopsis I have done because of the possible guidance this book can give us for a new paradigm for dealing with poverty individually, locally, nationally and globally (which in reality we are already on the road in doing). Some things are both structural and governmental issues and I am not suggesting that we get involved in these, but change must begin at the village level and then we can scale up our strengths from there. Chapter OneA Global Family Portrait Sachs sets the stage for his thesis and book using examples of Malawi, Bangladesh, India, and China to show different levels of poverty. He talks abut the ascending ladder of economic development for countries. †¢ Lowest are those who are too ill, hungry, or destitute to get even a foot on the bottom rung of the development ladder. They make up the bottom 1/6 of the world’s population, or one billion people. They are the poorest of the poor and live on less than $1 a day. †¢ A few rungs up the ladder at the upper end of the low-income countries are another 1.5 billion people. They live just above the subsistence level. These two groups make up 40% of the world’s population. CHE targets both of these groups, and especially with the first group. †¢ Another 2.5 billion include the IT workers of India. Most of them live in the cities and are moderately poor. †¢ One billion or one-sixth of the world come from the rich developed countries. Sachs says the greatest tragedy of our time is that one-sixth of the world’s population is not even on the first rung of the ladder. A large number of the extremely poor in level one are caught in the poverty trap and cannot escape it. They are trapped by disease, physical isolation, climate stress, environmental degradation, and extreme poverty itself. He breaks poverty into three levels: †¢ Extreme poverty means households cannot meet basic needs for survival. This only occurs in developing countries. World Bank says their income is less than $1 a day. †¢ Moderate poverty is where needs are generally just barely met. World Bank says this represents countries where their income falls between $1 and $2 per day. †¢ Relative poverty generally describes household income level at being below a given percentage of the average national income. You find this in developed countries. He then presents the Challenge of our Generation which includes: †¢ Helping the poorest of the poor escape the misery of extreme poverty and help them begin their climb up the ladder of economic development. †¢ Ensuring all who are the world’s poor, including moderately poor, have a chance to climb higher in economic development. He believes that the following can be done: †¢ Meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. †¢ End extreme poverty by 2025. †¢ To ensure well before 2025, that all of the world’s poor countries can make reliable progress up the ladder of economic development. †¢ To accomplish this with modest financial help from the riches countries, which will be more than is now provided per capita. Chapter TwoThe Spread of Economic Prosperity Sachs uses several graphs in this chapter. I will not go into detail on these, but I will point out some salient points: †¢ All regions of the world were poor in 1820. †¢ All regions experienced economic progress, though some much more than others. †¢ Today’s richest regions experienced by far the greatest economic progress. As an example, Africa has only grown at .7% a year while the USA at 1.7%. This may not seem much, but when compounded year-by-year, it results in the great differences between the two. †¢ The key fact today is not the transfer of income from one region to another, but rather that the overall increase in the world’s income is happening at different rates in different regions. Until the 1700’s, the world was remarkably poor by today’s standards. A major change was the industrial revolution coming to certain regions and not to others. The steam engine was a decisive turning point because it mobilized the vast store of primary energy which unlocked the mass production of goods and services. Modern energy fueled every aspect of the economic takeoff. As coal fueled industry, industry fueled political power. Britain’s industrial breakthrough created a huge military and financial advantage. But Britain also had existing individual initiative and social mobility than most other countries of the world. They also had a strengthening of institution and liberty. Britain also had a major geographical advantageone of isolation and protection of the sea, in addition to access to the oceans for worldwide transportation for their goods and importation of other countries’ goods. Sachs then goes on to outline what has fostered major economic growth: †¢ Modern economic growth is accompanied by people moving to the cities, or urbanization. This means fewer and fewer people produce the food that is required for the country. Hopefully, food price per farmer decreases as larger plots are farmed more productively. This also means sparsely populated land makes good sense when many farms are needed to grow the crops, but sparse land makes little sense when more and more people are engaged in manufacturing in the cities. †¢ Modern economic growth fostered a revolution in social mobility which affected social ranking of people. A fixed social order depends on status quo and agrarian population. †¢ There is a change in gender roles with economic development. This affects living conditions as well as family structure. The desired number of children decreases. †¢ The division of labor increases. By specializing in one activity instead of many, producti vity increases. The diffusion of economic growth occurred in three main forms: †¢ From Britain to its colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand. (It was therefore relatively straight-forth to transfer British technologies, food crops and even legal institutions.) †¢ A second diffusion took place within Europe that ran from Western Europe to Eastern Europe, and from Northern Europe to Southern Europe. †¢ The third wave of diffusion was from Europe to Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Sachs believes that the single most important reason for prosperity spread is the transmission of technology and the ideas underlying it. The technological advances came at different times. †¢ The first wave revolved around the invention of the steam engine which led to factory-producing goods. †¢ The second wave in the 19th century was led by the introduction of the rail and telegraph. It also included the introduction of steam ships instead of sailing ones, and the construction of the Suez Canal. †¢ The third wave was initiated by electrification of industry and urban society. Along with this came the development of the internal combustion engine. †¢ The fourth wave came in the 20th century with the globalization of the world due to new methods of communication starting in Europe. †¢ There came a time of a great rupture which took place with the start of World War I, and sidetracked economic development for awhile. This led to the Great Depression which led to World War II. †¢ A fifth wave took place right after World War II, and in 1991. It began with the massive efforts of reconstruction of Europe and Japan right after World War II. Trade barriers began to come down. There were three worlds: the first was the developed West, the second was comprised of Socialist countries, and the third was made up of undeveloped countries (which were made up of the old colony countries). The world therefore progressed on three tracks. The problem was that the second and third worlds did not share in economic growth and actually went backward. By closing their economies, they closed themselves off from economic development. So what did this mean to the poorest of the poor countries? †¢ They did not begin their economic growth until decades later. †¢ They faced geographical barriers of being land-locked †¢ They faced the brutal exploitation of the colonial powers. †¢ They made disastrously bad choices in their national policies. Chapter ThreeWhy Some Countries Fail In this chapter, Sachs looks at the cause of poverty and possible solutions. He first deals with, how a family’s per-capita income might increase: †¢ The first way is through savings either in cash or similar assets like animals, etc. †¢ The second way is shifting to crops that bring a higher yield per hectare, and then adding value to the crop (which is what we teach in our PAD training). †¢ The third way is adopting new technology, which improves their productivity. †¢ The fourth way is resource boom, which means to move to a much larger and more fertile farm. The flip side of increasing their economic growth is by decreasing their per capita income which is more than just the opposite of the above factors: †¢ Lack of savings is of course one way to reduce per capita income. †¢ Lack of trade, meaning that a household hears of the new crop but cannot take advantage of it and stays with what they have. †¢ Technological reversal is when something like HIV hits an area and children lose their parents etc. †¢ Natural resource decline is where the land becomes less and less fertile producing less and less crops. †¢ Adverse Productivity Shock is where a natural disaster hits like a drought, tsunami, earthquake, typhoon, etc. †¢ Population growth lessens per capita income where the father has two hectares of land and it is divided among his five sons at his death. Now Sachs begins to get into the true heart of poverty on a country level: †¢ The poverty trap itself is where poverty is so extreme that the poor do not have the ability by themselves to get out of the mess. †¢ Physical geography plays a major role where countries are land-locked with poor or no roads, a lack of navigable rivers, or situated in mountain ranges or deserts with an extremely high transportation cost. The low productivity of the land is another factor in the geography. †¢ The fiscal trap is where the government lacks the resources to pay for the necessary infrastructure on which economic growth depends. †¢ Government failure happens when the government is not concentrating on high priority infrastructure and social service projects. †¢ Cultural or religious barriers especially as it relates to gender inequality play a significant role in dampening economic growth. †¢ Geopolitics such as trade barriers can impede economic growth. †¢ Lac k of innovation and technology plays a role if people cannot try new things because they cannot risk failure, or because they do not have funds to do so. Sachs believes that over the span of two centuries, the lack of using new technology is why the richest and poorest countries have diverged. †¢ He shows a scatter-gram graph showing there is a demographic trap as well. The higher the fertility rate, the lower rate of economic growth there is in a country. When they have too many children, they cannot invest in education, nutrition, or health, except maybe for the oldest male. One of the best ways to lower the number of children per family is through the education of the girls. Sachs then goes into detail in putting countries into different classes. He points out that none of the rich countries in North American, Western Europe or East Asia have failed to grow economically. All the problems lie in the developing world where 45 of these countries had a fall in GDP. Not all of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. He also points out that the oil-exporting and ex-Soviet countries, all high income countries, did not increase their economic growth evenly, primarily because of their authoritarian political structure. He also points out that the most important factor is agriculture. Those countries that used high yield cereals per hectare and that used high levels of fertilizers are the poor countries that tended to experience economic growth. In Africa, the land is much less densely populated but they use neither high yield cereals nor fertilizers and they had falling food production per capita. But they also have far less roads for transporting extra crops to markets and they depend on rainfall which is generally more erratic than high-producing agricultural countries. He also goes on to point out the following: †¢ Economic growth is rarely uniformly distributed across a country. †¢ Governments also fail in their role in allowing growth that might enrich the rich households, while the poorest living in the same area seldom seem to benefit. †¢ Another detriment to growth can be culture especially as it relates to women inequality. Chapter FourClinical Economics (CE) Sachs compares clinical economics to clinical medicine. He lays out five parameters for Clinical Economics: †¢ CE is made up of complex systems. The failure in one system can lead to cascades of failures in other parts of the economy. You therefore need to deal with very broad and multiple issues. †¢ CE practitioners need to learn the art of clinical diagnosis. The CE practitioner must hone-in on the key underlying causes of economic distress and prescribe appropriate remedies that are tailor-made to each country’s condition. †¢ Treatment needs to be viewed in family terms, not individual terms. The entire world is part of each country’s family. If countries work together they can have far more impact than working in isolation. †¢ Good CE practice requires monitoring and evaluation. More than just asking if the goals are being achieved, but also asking â€Å"why?† and â€Å"why not?† †¢ The development community lacks the requisite ethical and professional standards. Economic development does not take its work with the sense of responsibility that the task requires. It demands that honest advice be given. He points out where economic development practice has gone wrong: †¢ The rich countries say, â€Å"Poverty is your own fault. Be like us, have a free market, be entrepreneurial, fiscally responsible and your problems will be gone†. †¢ The IMF period of structural adjustment which supposedly dealt with the four maladies of poor governance, excessive government intervention in the markets, excessive government spending, and too much state ownership were not solved by the IMF prescription of belt tightening, privatization, liberalization, and good governance. †¢ The responsibility for poverty reduction was assumed to lie entirely with poor countries themselves. He then lays out his differential diagnosis for poverty reduction. He believes the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) goes a long way in reducing poverty. Once the diagnosis is completed, a proper treatment regime must be carried out. In doing differential diagnosis, questions must be asked in each one of the following areas: †¢ Identify and map the extent of extreme poverty from the household level all the way up through the community to the country to the state in all areas of life. †¢ The second set of questions deals with the economic policy framework. †¢ The third set deals with the fiscal framework. †¢ Fourth deals with physical geography and human ecology. †¢ Fifth, the questions deal with the patterns of governance. History has shown that democracy is not a prerequisite for economic development. †¢ Sixth are questions which deal with cultural barriers that hinder economic development. †¢ The last are questions that are related to geopolitics which involves a country’s security and relationship with the rest of the world. The next six chapters, five through ten, deal with specific countries that have gone through this process, and their results. His results are quite impressive. I will not deal much with each country, but an individual chapter might be of interest to the RC involved if he is interested in such things. Chapter FiveBolivia’s High Rate of Inflation Problem: A hyperinflation rate of 3000% (30 times) between July 1984 and July 1985 with a longer term hyperinflation rate of 24,000%. Lessons Learned: †¢ Stabilization is a complex process. Ending a large budget deficit may be the first step but controlling the underlying forces that cause the budget deficit is much more complex. †¢ Macroeconomics tools are limited in their power. †¢ Successful change requires a combination of technocratic knowledge, bold political leadership, and broad social participation. †¢ Success requires not only bold reforms at home, but also financial help from abroad. †¢ Poor countries must demand their due. Chapter SixPoland’s Return to Europe Problem: By the end of 1989, Poland had partially suspended its international debt payments. The economy was suffering from high rate of rising inflation and there was a deepening political crisis. Sachs’ approach in Poland, as in other countries, was built on five pillars: †¢ Stabilizationending the high rate of inflation, establishing stability and convertible currency. †¢ Liberalizationallowing markets to function by legalizing private economic activity (ending price controls and establishing necessary laws). †¢ Privatization identifying private owners for assets currently held by the state. †¢ Social netpensions and other benefits for the elderly and poor were established. †¢ Institutional Harmonizationadopting, step-by-step, the economic laws, procedures, and institutions. Lessons Learned: †¢ He learned how a country’s fate is crucially determined by its specific linkages to the rest of the world. †¢ Again the importance of the basic guidance concept for broad-based economic transformation, not to stand alone with separate solutions. †¢ Saw again the practical possibilities of large-scale thinking †¢ He learned not to take â€Å"no† for an answer, press on with your guidance. †¢ By the time a country has fallen into deep crisis, it requires some external help to get back on track. †¢ This help may be in the form of getting the basics right which includes debt cancellation and help to bolster confidence in the reforms. Chapter SevenRussia’s Struggle for Normalcy Problem: The Soviet Union relied almost entirely on its oil and gas exports to earn foreign exchange, and on its use of oil and gas to run its industrial economy. In the mid- 1980’s, the price of oil and gas plummeted and the Soviet Union’s oil production began to fall. Sachs suggested three actions of the West (but generally they were ignored by the West): †¢ A stabilization fund for the ruble. †¢ Immediate suspension of debt repayment followed by cancellation of their debts. †¢ A new aid program for transformation focusing on the most vulnerable sectors of the Russian economy. Lesson Learned: †¢ Despite much turmoil and rejection much went right so that eventually Russia became a lopsided market economy, still focused on oil and gas. †¢ Russia has a gigantic land mass which causes it to have few linkages with other nations of the world. †¢ Their population densities are low and agrarian and food production per hectare remains low. Over history, 90% of the population has been rural, with cities few and far between. This hinders economic growth. †¢ Without adequate aid, the political consensus around the reforms was deeply undermined, thereby compromising the reform process. Chapter EightChina Catching Up after a Half Millennium Being Isolated Problem: China lost its economic and cultural lead that it had in its early history. Sachs points out five dates which caused this: †¢ 1434 China had been the technological superpower. This year Emperor Ming closed China to the rest of the world and stopped their advanced ship fleets from going out to the world. †¢ 1839 China finally ended its economic isolation. †¢ 1898 Several young reformers tried to gain power and were stopped. †¢ 1911 Ching Dynasty collapsed and by 1916 China was falling into civil unrest. Their military took control of the empire. †¢ 1949 the rise of the Maoist Movement. He then compares China to Russia: †¢ The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe had massive foreign debt while China did not. †¢ China has a large coastline that supported its export growth, while Russia and Eastern Europe do not. †¢ China had the benefit of large off-shore Chinese business communities which acted as foreign investors, while Russia and Eastern Europe did not. †¢ The Soviet was experiencing a drastic decline on their main export product, oil and gas. †¢ The Soviet Union had gone further down the industrialization road than China. Chapter NineIndia Market Reform Which Was the Triumph of Hope Over Fear Problem: India was controlled by a business, British East India Company, which was driven by greed, and it did everything to maximize profit for the company at the expense of the country. Though India’s population throughout history has been Hindu, vast numbers of Muslims and Christians lived in and sometimes dominated the land. India had poor political and social structures because the land was broken into many small kingdoms governed by many different leaders. In addition, India has the caste-system of stratification of peoples. With independence from the British in 1947, Nehru looked for a path to self- sufficiency and democratic socialism. The Green Revolution had a major impact on the country as high yield crops were introduced. By 1994, India now faced four major challenges: †¢ Reforms needed to be extended especially in liberalization and the development of new and better systems. †¢ India needed to invest heavily in infrastructure †¢ India needed to invest more in health and education of its people, especially the lower castes. †¢ India needed to figure out how to pay for the needed infrastructure. Lessons Learned: †¢ The 21st century is likely to be the era when this poor country’s economic development is substantially reversed. †¢ The country has announced electricity for all as well as essential health services and drinking water for everyone. These are achievable goals and the basis for much-needed investment. †¢ The Hindus did not stifle growth. The Green Revolution and then market reforms overrode the rigidness of the caste-system and the slow growth of the 1950’s and 1960’s. †¢ India has become increasingly urbanized, thereby further weakening the caste-system. †¢ Democracy is wearing away age-old social hierarchies. †¢ India has grabbed the potential of the internet and IT and is leading the way for developing nations in this regard. †¢ India’s varied geography and its miles and miles of shoreline fosters its market position for the manufacture of products. Chapter TenAfrica and the Dying Problem: Three centuries of slave trade were followed by a century of colonial rule which left Africa bereft of educated citizens and leaders, basic infrastructure, and public health facilities. The borders followed arbitrary lines, not historic tribal lines which now divided former empires, ethnic groups, ecosystems, watersheds, and resource deposits. The West was not willing to invest in African economic development. Corruption was not the central cause for their economic failure as he showed. In the 1980’s, HIV became the worse killer of mankind. In 2001, life expectancy stood at 47 years, while East Asia stood at 69 years, and developed countries at 78 years. Sachs spends time looking at the major diseases of malaria, TB, diarrhea, and HIV. He says poverty causes disease and disease causes poverty. Lessons Learned: †¢ Good governance and market reform alone are not sufficient to generate growth if a country is in a poverty trap. †¢ Geography has conspired with economics to give Africa a particularly weak hand. Africa lacks navigable rivers with access to the ocean for easy transport and trade. †¢ Africa lacks irrigation and depends on rainfall for their crops. †¢ Farmers lack access roads, markets, and fertilizers, while soils have been long depleted of their nutrients. Chapter ElevenThe Millennium, 9/11, and the United Nations. The beginning part of this chapter deals with the Millennium Development Goals. Sachs says that the goals and commitment to reach them by 2015 convey the hope that extreme poverty, disease, and environmental degradation could be alleviated with the wealth, the new technologies, and global awareness with which we entered the 21st century. He says the first seven goals call for sharp cuts in poverty, disease, and environmental degradation, while the eighth goal is essentially a commitment to global partnership. Because you have all seen them, I am not including them here. Regarding 9/11, he says we need to keep it in perspective. On 9/11, 3000 people died for once and for all, but 10,000 people die each day from diseases that are preventable. He believes we need to address the deeper roots of terrorism of which extreme poverty is an important element. The rich world needs to turn its efforts to a much greater extent from military strategies to economic development. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke of freedoms we were fighting for in WWII and for which we still should be attempting to accomplish: †¢ Freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world. †¢ Freedom for every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. †¢ Freedom from want which translates into economic development. †¢ Freedom from fear which translates into a worldwide reduction in armament, a reduction to such a point that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor. One major thing he is suggesting is that the rich countries elevate their giving to .7% of their GNP from the average of .2% it is today. The rest of the chapter is about President Bush and the USA policies and actions. Chapter TwelveOn-The-Ground Solutions for Ending Poverty This chapter is really talking about CHE, but Sachs does not realize it. He says that the world’s challenge is not to overcome laziness and corruption but rather to take on geographic isolation, disease, vulnerability to climate shocks, etc. with new systems of political responsibility that can get the job done. He talks about a village of less than 1,000 in western Kenya, in a Sauri sub-location (in Siaya district in Nyanza province) that he visited, which opened his eyes. He found what we find place after place that they are impoverished, but they are capable and resourceful. Though struggling to survive, presently they are not dispirited but determined to improve their situation. He then goes on to describe the needs of a rural African community, the same type of community that we deal with every day, as shown in the abundance of applications we receive for CHE. A major problem, he feels, is that the farmers do not have the money to buy fertilizer that would impact their crop productivity drastically. Also they have no school or clinic. He then begins to calculate what it would cost per person to bring a school and teachers, simple clinic and staff, medicines, agriculture inputs such as seed and fertilizer, safe drinking water and simple sanitation, and power transport and communication services. The total cost for Sauri is about $350,000 a year, which converts to $70 a person per year, which could revolutionize the community. If he did CHE, the total cost and per person cost would be greatly reduced. He then goes ahead and extrapolates this up for the country of Kenya to $1.5 billion. At the same time he points out that Kenya’s debt service is $600 million a year and that it needs to be cancelled. But one problem that donors talk about is corruption needing to be eliminated. If countries do not eliminate corruption, they would not be eligible for relief. Also, a budget and management system need to be designed that will reach the villages and be monitorable, governable, and scalablea set of interventions to ensure good governance on such a historic project. The key to this is to empower village-based community organizations to oversee village services. Most of what he says in this chapter sounds like CHE to me, but we can do it at even a lower cost and we have the experience to implement it. That is why I said earlier that we need to talk to Sachs about CHE. He then goes on with this theme but changes the venue from rural to urban in Mumbai, India in a slum community built smack up against the railroad tracks, one-house deep. He points out the outstanding needs are not latrines, running water, nor safety from trains, but empowerment so they can negotiate with the government. He then mentions that several groups have been found and empowered to do this in this community. Again sounds like CHE for urban poor. Sachs says what this community needs is investments in the individual and basic infra-structure that can empower people to be healthier, better educated, and more productive in the work force. CHE deals with the individual side of the equation. He ends this chapter by discussing the problem of scale. He says everything must start with the basic village. The key is connecting these basic units together into a global network that reaches from impoverished communities to the very centers of power and back again. This, too, is what we are talking about when we describe scaling-up and creating a movement and then forming it into councils and collaborative groups. He believes the rich world would readily provide the missing finances but they will wonder how to ensure that the money made available would really reach the poor and that there would be results. He says we need a strategy for scaling up the investments that will end poverty, including governance that empowers the poor while holding them accountable. I believe CHE fits his prescription. Chapter ThirteenMaking the Investments Needed to End Poverty Sachs says the extreme poor lack six kinds of capital: †¢ Human Capital: health, nutrition, and skills needed for each person to be productive. †¢ Business Capital: the machinery, facilities, and motorized transport used in agriculture, industry and services. †¢ Infrastructure Capital: water and sanitation, airports and sea ports, and telecommunications systems that are critical inputs for business productivity. †¢ Natural Capital: arable land, healthy soils, biodiversity, and well- functioning ecosystems that provide the environmental services need by human society. †¢ Public Institutional Capital: commercial law, judicial systems, government services, and policing, that underpin the peaceful and prosperous division of labor. †¢ Knowledge Capital: the scientific and technological know-how that raises productivity in business output and the promotion of physical and natural capital. He spends several pages on charts showing income flow. He also uses the example of child survival and how it applies to the six kinds of capital. He makes the point that even in the poorest societies, primary education alone is no longer sufficient. He says all youth should have a minimum of 9 years of education. He says technical capacity must be in the whole of society from the bottom up. He talks about trained community health workers and the role they can play. Villages around the world should be helped in adult education involving life and death issues such as HIV. The main challenges now is NOT to show what works in small villages or districts but rather to scale up what works to encompass a whole country, even the world. Again sounds like CHE and where we are going. He goes through several examples where major diseases are being dealt with such as malaria, river blindness, and polio, as well as spread of family planning. He also briefly talks about the cell phone revolution by the poor in Bangladesh and how East Asia has established Export Processing Zones, all of which are improving the life of the poorest of poor nations. Chapter FourteenA Global Compact to End Poverty He says the poorest countries themselves must take seriously the problem of ending poverty and need to devote a greater share of their national resources to accomplish this. Many poor countries pretend to reform while rich countries pretend to help them. The chronic lack of donor financing robs the poor countries of their poverty-fighting zeal. We are stuck in a show play that is not real. There are two sides in a compact. In this compact, there should be the commitment in the rich countries to help all poor countries where the collective will to be responsible partners in the endeavor is present. For the other poor countries where authoritarian or corrupt regimes hold sway, the consequences for the population are likely to be tragic but the rich countries have their limits also. He spends time looking at several countries that have Poverty Reduction Strategies where some are working and some not. Ghana is a star in his book. He says a true MDG-based poverty reduction strategy would have five parts: †¢ A Differential Diagnosis which includes identifying policies and investments that the country needs to achieve the MDGs. †¢ An Investment Plan which shows the size, timing and costs of the required investments. †¢ A Financial Plan to fund the Investment Plan, including the calculation of the MDG financing gap, the portion of the financial needs that donors will have to fill. †¢ A Donor Plan which gives multi-year commitments from donors for meeting the MDGs. †¢ A Public Management Plan that outlines the mechanisms of governance and public administration that will help implement the expanded public investment plan. During the 1980’s and 1990’s, the IMF forced Structural Readjustment on the poor countries which did not work. The poor were asked to pay all the expenses for new services. They then moved to a compromise called Social Marketing where the poor were asked to pay a portion of the expense. But neither plan worked because the poor did not have enough even to eat, much less pay for electricity. He says a sound management plan should include the following: †¢ Decentralize. Investments are needed in all the villages and the details for what is needed needs to be established at the village level through local committees, not the national capitol or Washington DC. †¢ Training. The public sector lacks the talent to oversee the scaling up process. Training programs for capacity building should be part of the strategy. †¢ Information Technology. The use of information technologycomputers, e-mail and mobile phones needs to increase drastically because of the dramatic increase of knowledge that needs to be transmitted. †¢ Measurable Benchmarks. Every MDG based poverty reduction strategy should be supported by quantitative benchmarks tailored to national conditions, needs, and data availability. †¢ Audits. No country should receive greater funding unless the money can be audited. †¢ Monitoring and Evaluation. Each country must prepare to have investments monitored and evaluated. He then goes through the following Global Policies for Poverty Reduction: †¢ The Debt Crisis. The poorest countries are unable to repay their debt, let alone carry the interest. Therefore, for each country that agrees to the guidelines noted previously, their debt must be cancelled if there is to be true poverty reduction. †¢ Global trade Policy. Poor countries need to increase their exports to the rich countries and thereby earn foreign exchange in order to import capital goods from the rich countries. Yet trade is not enough. The policy must include both aid and trade. The end of agriculture subsidies is not enough for this to happen. †¢ Science for Development. The poor are likely to be ignored by the international scientific community unless special effort is made to include things that help the poor. It is more critical to identify the priority needs for scientific research in relation to the poor than to mobilize the donor community to spur that research forward. That would include research in tropical agriculture, energy systems, climate forecasting, water management, and sustainable management of ecosystems. †¢ Environmental stewardship. The poorest of poor nations are generally innocent victims of major long-term ecosystem degradation. The rich countries must live up to the ecology agreements they have signed. The rich countries will have to give added financial assistance to the poor countries to enable them to deal with the ecosystem problems. The rich countries will have to invest more in climate research. Chapter FifteenCan The Rich Afford to Help the Poor? He asks the question â€Å"Can the rich countries help the poor?†, and his answer is â€Å"Can they afford not to do so?† He gives five reasons that show that the current effort is so modest. †¢ The numbers of extremely poor have declined close to 50% two generations ago to 33% a generation ago to 20% today. †¢ The goal is to end extreme poverty, not all poverty, and to close the gap between the rich and the poor. †¢ Success in ending the poverty trap will be much easier than it appears. Too little has been done to identify specific, proven, low-cost interventions that can make a difference in living standards and economic growth (CHE does this). †¢ The rich world is vastly rich. What seemed out of reach a generation or two ago is now such a small fraction of the vastly expanded income of the rich world. †¢ Our tools are more powerful than ever, including computers, internet, mobile phones, etc. He then spends time in doing calculations to show how this can be accomplished. First he starts with the World Bank. They estimate that meeting basic needs requires $1.08 per person per day. Currently, the average income of the extremely poor is 77 cents per day, creating a shortfall of 31 cents per day or $113 per person per year. He then shows that this represents only .6% of a nation’s GNP. The MDG target which many countries have agreed to is .7% of their GNP. Later on, he shows that the USA is only spending .15% for aid to the world. Sachs then spends time on a six-step process to do a needs assessment to come up with the real number needed: †¢ Identify the package of basic needs. †¢ Identify for each country the current unmet needs of the population. †¢ Calculate the costs of meeting the unmet needs through investments, taking into account future population growth. †¢ Calculate the part of the investments that can’t be financed by the country itself. †¢ Calculate the MDG financing gap that must be covered by donors. †¢ Assess the size of the donor contribution relative to donor income. He proposes that interventions are required to meet the following basic needs: †¢ Primary education for all children with a designated target ratio of pupils to teachers. †¢ Nutrition program for all vulnerable populations. †¢ Universal access to anti-malarial bed nets for all households in regions of malaria transmission. †¢ Access to safe drinking water and sanitation. †¢ One-half kilometer of paved roads for every thousand population. †¢ Access to modern cooking fuels and improved cooking stoves to decrease indoor air pollution. He states extreme poverty (a lack of access to basic needs) is very different from relative poverty (occupying a place at the bottom of the ladder of income distribution) within rich countries, and goes through a more detailed approach of implementing the six steps. He points out that not all donor assistance is for development. Much is used for emergency relief, care for resettlement of refugees, geopolitical support of particular governments, and help for middle-income countries that have largely ended extreme poverty in their country. Also, only a small portion of development aid actually helps to finance the intervention package. Much of it goes for technical assistance which is not part of the MDG numbers. He spends time on the question, â€Å"Can the USA afford the .7% of their GNP?† He responds with a deafening â€Å"Yes!† He does this in multiple ways, one of which is to show that the increase is only .55%, which would be hardly noticed in the US’s average 1.9% increase year-by-year of its GNP. Chapter SixteenMyths and Magic Bullets This is an interesting chapter because Sachs shoots down commonly held beliefs concerning the causes and solutions for poverty. He uses Africa as his case to do so:. †¢ Contrary to popular conception, Africa has not received great amounts of aid. They receive $30 per person per year but only $12 of that actually went to be used in development in Africa. $5 went to consultants of donor countries, $3 went to food and emergency relief, $4 for servicing Africa’s debt and $5 for debt relief. In reality, in 2002, only six cents per person went to development. †¢ Corruption is the problem which leads to poor governance. By any standard of measure Africa’s governance is low, but not due to corruption. African countries’ governance is no different than other poor countries in the rest of the world. Governance improves as the people become more literate and more affluent. Secondly, a more affluent country can afford to invest more in governance. †¢ There is a democracy deficit. This is also not true. In 2003, 11 countries in Africa were considered free, with 20 more partially free, and 16 not free. This is the same as is found in other regions of the world. Democracy does not translate into faster economic growth. †¢ Lack of modern values. Again, this is also false. Virtually every society that was once poor has been castigated for being unworthy until its citizens became rich and then their new wealth was explained by their industriousness. He traces this trend in multiple countries. One major factor that does cause change is the change in women’s position in society as their economic situation improves, which accelerates the growth. †¢ The need for economic freedom is not fully true. Generally market societies out perform centrally planned economies. This leads to the thought that all is needed is that the people must have the will to liberalize and privatize which is too simplistic. He shows that there is no correlation between the Economic Freedom Index and annual growth rate of GDP. †¢ The single idea of Mystery of Capital put forth by Hernando de Soto which relates to the security of private property including the ability to borrow against it is also incorrect. Most poor hold their assets such as housing and land. †¢ There is a shortfall of morals which is thought to be the main cause of HIV in Africa. A study shows that Africa men are no different in the average number of sexual partners they have than any other part of the world. †¢ Saving children only to become hungry adults leads to population explosion. Actually it has been shown that the best way to reduce the fertility rate is to increase the economic status. In all parts of the world (except the Middle East) where the fertility rate is over 5 children, those countries are the poorest ones. As children survive, the parents feel less of a need to have more children which is a result of improved economic conditions. †¢ A rising tide lifts all boats. This means extreme poverty will take care of itself because economic development will pull all countries along to improvement. A rising improvement does not reach the hinder lands or mountain tops. †¢ Nature red in tooth and claw means that economic improvement is based on survival of the fittest and those who cannot compete fall behind. This is a Darwin thought which seems to still prevail throughout the world. Competition and struggle are but one side o f the coin which has the other side of trust, cooperation, and collective action. He rejects the doomsayers who saying that ending poverty is impossible. He believes he has identified specific interventions that are needed as well as found ways to plan and implement them at an affordable rate. Chapter SeventeenWhy We Should Do It There are several fallacies which affect the USA’s giving: †¢ The American public greatly overestimates the amount of federal funds spent on foreign aid. The US public believes that the government is providing massive amounts of aid. A 2001 survey by the University of Maryland showed that people felt that US aid accounted for 20% of the federal budget versus the actual of .15%. That is 24 times smaller than the actual figure. †¢ The American public believes that the US military can achieve security for Americans in the absence of a stable world. This has been proven untrue especially with 9/11. †¢ There is a fallacy in belief that there is a war of cultures. For many, this relates to Biblical prophesy of Armageddon and end times. The problem in the US is not opposition to increased foreign aid but a lack of political leadership to inform the public how little the US does supply, and then asking the US public to supply more. Hard evidence has established a strong linkage between extreme poverty abroad and threats to national security. As a general proposition, economic failure (an economy stuck in a poverty trap, banking crisis, debt default or hyper-inflation) often leads to a state failure. A CIA Task force looked at state failures between 1954 and 1994 and found that the following three factors were most significant in state failure: †¢ Very high infant mortality rate suggested that overall low levels of material well-being are a significant factor in state failure. †¢ Openness of the economy showed the more economic linkages a country had with the rest of the world, the lower chance of state failure. †¢ Democratic countries showed fewer propensities to state failure than authoritarian regimes. He then reviews what the US government has committed to since 9/11: †¢ Provide resources to aid countries that have met national reform. †¢ Improve effectiveness of the World Bank and other development banks in raising living standards. †¢ Insist on measurable results to ensure that development assistance is actually making a difference in the lives of the world’s poor. †¢ Increase the amount of development assistance that is provided in the form of grants, not loans. †¢ Since trade and investment are the real engines of economic growth, open societies to commerce and investment. †¢ Secure public health. †¢ Emphasize education. †¢ Continue to aid agricultural development. In reality, little progress has been done by the US to the accomplishment of these goals. But he does spend time discussing where plans were established and that funds were flowing where massive amounts of aid were provided by the USA: †¢ End of World War II with the Marshall Plan which revitalized Europe and Japan. †¢ Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt Campaign started slow but ended up with large amount of national debt being cancelled in the poorest of countries. †¢ The Emergency Plan for HIV is providing $15 billion to fight this pandemic. The bottom line of this chapter is, â€Å"OK, USA and other rich countries, you are saying good things, now step-up to the plate and do what you have agreed to do.† Chapter EighteenOur Generation’s Challenge Our generation is heir to two and a half centuries of economic progress. We can realistically envision a world without extreme poverty by the year 2025 because of technological progress which enables us to meet basic needs on a global scale. We can also achieve a margin above basic needs unprecedented in history. Until the Industrial Revolution, humanity had known only unending struggles against famine, pandemic disease, and extreme povertyall compounded by cycles of war, and political despotism. At the same time, Enlightenment thinkers began to envision the possibility of sustained social progress in which science and technology could be harnessed to achieve sustained improvements in the organization of social, political, and economic life. He proposes four thinkers which led this movement: †¢ Thomas Jefferson and other founders of the American Republic led the thought that political institutions could be fashioned consciously to meet the needs of society through a human-made political system. †¢ Adam Smith believed that the economic system could similarly be shaped to meet human need and his economic design runs parallel to Jefferson’s political designs. †¢ Immanuel Kant called for an appropriate global system of governance to end the age-old scourge of war. †¢ Science and technology, fueled by human reason can be a sustained force for social improvement and human betterment led by Francis Bacon and Marie-Jean-Antoine Condorcet. Condorcet put much emphasis on public education to accomplish the goals. One of the most abiding commitments of the Enlightenment was the idea that social progress should be universal and not restricted to a corner of Western Europe. He said now it is our generation’s turn to help foster the following: †¢ Political systems that promote human well-being †¢ Economic systems that spread the benefits of science, technology, and division of labor to all parts of the world. †¢ International cooperation in order to secure a perpetual peace. †¢ Science and technology, grounded in human rationality, to fuel the continued prospects for improving the human condition. He then spends three or four pages discussing the good and bad points of the Anti-globalization Movement which is taking place. He also spends time discussing three movements which made these kind of changes in the world in their time: †¢ The end of Slavery †¢ The end of Colonization †¢ The Civil Rights and Anti-Apartheid Movement He closes with discussing the next steps which are: †¢ Commit to ending poverty †¢ Adopt a plan of action built around the Millennium Development Goals †¢ Raise the voice of the poor †¢ Redeem the role of the United States in the world †¢ Rescue the IMF and World Bank †¢ Strengthen the United Nations †¢ Harness global science †¢ Promote sustainable development †¢ Make a personal commitment to become involved Summary This is an interesting book with new perspectives for me, and which is beginning to be taken seriously by the world. I believe, as stated earlier, that MAI’s role is on-the-ground solutions for ending poverty through CHE which is spelled out in Chapter 12. But, as also noted, we can do it at a far lower cost than he estimates because of our commitment to empowering people to do things on their own and primarily with their own funds.

billy mitchell Essay -- essays papers

billy mitchell PART I The end of the era of Reconstruction in America brought forth the greatest rise in American Power. This era was known as the "Guilded Age." Big business grew all over the country producing a few tycoons such as John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont Morgan. These men had extreme wealth through huge monopolistic enterprises. This was unfortunately at the expense of many immigrants who worked for these men. Women and children worked long hours in sweatshops for horrible wages. Men worked however they could sometimes as miners, construction workers, railroad builders, and factory workers. These immigrants came from southeastern Europe mainly. The country's population skyrocketed with the flow of immigration after the civil war. These immigrants built America, as you know it today. Due to Germany's unrestricted Submarine warfare America had no choice but to enter into World War I. on April 6, 1917 America declared war on Germany. This was to be one of the bloodiest, dirtiest wars ever. They fought in what we call trench warfare. Long trenches went all the way down the enemy and friendly lines. America's soldiers and technology had a big role in the allies' defeat of Germany. The war was ended with the Treaty of Versailles. The United States never joined in the League of Nations, which the allies had formed thus continuing isolationism. The 1920s brought about a time of prosperity for America. 50% of Americans were living in urban areas by this time. The country was going through prohibition, making alcohol illegal. Cultural change brought about many problems in the U.S. Swing dancing and loose skirts were all the rage. Women were becoming more independent. Like all great things in life this age of prosperity sharply came to an end with the Great Depression. The Great Depression started in the fall of 1929 with the New York Stock Exchange crash. With the economy resting in the hands of the tycoons like Rockefeller the depression was inevitable. By 1931, 5 million Americans were unemployed. The great nation, which was just coming to power, seemed like it was going to die out. It might have if a man named Franklin D. Roosevelt hadn't been elected president. Roosevelt began to put in effect a plan he called the New Deal. He took the U.S. off the gold standard to help the crisis. He also passed a serie... ...y time of day. This is a huge plus for the military that Billy Mitchell did not foresee. William "Billy" Mitchell was undoubtedly one of the greatest figures in American military history. He is the father of the U. S. Air Force, the one man who fought for what he knew was needed. He was a true American, unafraid of persecution and ridicule. Billy Mitchell fought his points to the point of his demise. Without this man there might not of been an Airforce. Without this man there might not be an America today. Bibliography: "American Air Superiority," Billy Mitchell's Role in the Air Force. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 1999. Rpt. In Student Recourses Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, Dec. 2000. http://264.312.569.115/servlet/SRC 29 Sept. 2001. Bellows, John. "Billy Mitchell." Journal of American Military. 1953. 356-359. Burlingame, Roger. General Billy Mitchell: Champion of Air Defense. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1952. Hurley, Alfred F. Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power. Bloomington, IN.: University Press, 1975. Jordan, Winthrop, Miriam Greenblatt, and John Bowes. The Americas: A History. Evanston, IL: McDougal, Littell and Company, 1991.

Women Have Evolved

Women have come a long way in America. They used to not be able to vote or stand alone with major decision that had to be made. Now they are so many advantages for women living in our society and now thank god these advantages are now rights to women of America. Women in the USA have taken advantage of these new right and exceled with them to become better individuals. Women in America have advantages because there are now contraceptives to prevent pregnancy, more women are able to go to school and get education, women now hold their own jobs and women are getting married at an older age because they are now independent. Contraceptives have become a must have for women in the United States. This great for American women because in past there were no contraceptives, women would get married and have many children because lack of birth control for them. Some women would have what they call mistakes, because of one night stands and be stuck with a baby they were not ready for. Women are now able with the help contraceptive to choose when they want to get pregnant and when they just want to wait till the time is right. Women have took advantage of being able to control getting pregnant and are now having children at older age, when they feel more mature and ready to have children. Women used to have to stay home in take care of their children. Most women in America would be lucky if they were even able to get a high school diploma. Men back in the days did not want their woman to further their education, but now with new advantages women have started excelling and going to college. They started to realize that they could still have a family and graduate from college. Women are taking their education seriously and now succeeding in college due being given the privileged attend college. As stated by whitehouse. gov â€Å"Woman’s gains in educational attainment have significantly outpaced those of men over the last 40 years† (para 5). Woman worth in this economy had started to become recognized in the United States. More women have started graduating from ollege and not stopping at high school because of starting a family. Because our society have given woman a chance to get a higher education there scores on test , classes and graduated rates have passed up the men in America. The Economist wrote â€Å"Women in the United States earned 60%of university degrees in America†(para 3). Now that women are able to work and not told to stay at home and watch after their children they are doing good in the workforce and able to obtain work that before was only able to be obtained by a man. The Economist stated â€Å"They run some of the world’s best companies, such as PepsiCo, Archer Daniels Midland and W. L. Gore (Para 3). Women are more independent with having their own jobs and do not depend on men to take care of them. Some women have had to step to the plate so that they could have a two income home and make in this new society in America. According to the Economist â€Å"Women now make up almost half of American workers (49. 9% in October)(para3).